- Engine braking will not hurt the engine, your engine revs way higher than that when you red line it.
- If you rev match properly, it shouldn't hurt the clutch any more than an up shift
- Usually the engine consumes less gas geared in throttle depressed, because the momentum of the car is keeping the engine rotating, so the engine doesn't need to use any fuel to keep it idling.
Don't know if I'm exactly correct, but htat's as far as I know.
PS. AFAIK only hybrids have energy recovery through braking.
Are you talking about manual transmission?
Engine braking will not hurt your engine if done normally within recommended rpm range.
Gas consumption should be 0 in theory, but most cars will auto apply fuel to protect/cool down the engine based on rpm.
The brake pads nowadays more efficient and relatively cheaper compared to before. There is no need to engine brake in normal circumstances other than trying to look cool.
I mostly use engine braking when going down hill to control the speed or when I need to do a panic stop. Modern braking are so good nowadays I find engine braking is not really necessary unless you are on racing track and I don't think the car will consume more gas when you do that.
During deceleration (be it engine braking or so), your fuel injectors are all shut off so engine is essentially sucking air instead of burning fuel.
In other words: no fuel consumed if done with engine braking.
Engine braking is effective in M/T gearbox so long as you do not over-revv it; A/T, not too effective but still ok. You do this too frequently you are wearing out your gearbox.
That's why braking systems are there for: bring the car to a stop and components are cheaper/easier to replace than, say, rebuild an M/T or A/T gearbox.